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MRNA surveillance
mRNA surveillance mechanisms are pathways utilized by organisms to ensure fidelity and quality of messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules. There are a number of surveillance mechanisms present within cells. These mechanisms function at various steps of the mRNA biogenesis pathway to detect and degrade transcripts that have not properly been processed.
==Overview==
The translation of messenger RNA transcripts into proteins is a vital part of the central dogma of molecular biology. mRNA molecules are, however, prone to a host of fidelity errors which can cause errors in translation of mRNA into quality proteins.〔Amrani, N., Sachs, M.S. and Jacobson, A. (2006) Early nonsense:mRNA decay solves a translational problem. Nat. Mol. Cell.Biol. 7, 415–425.〕 RNA surveillance mechanisms are methods cells use to assure the quality and fidelity of the mRNA molecules.〔Moore, M.J. (2005) From birth to death: the complex lives of eukaryotic mRNAs. Science 309, 1514–1518.〕 This is generally achieved through marking aberrant mRNA molecule for degradation by various endogenous nucleases.〔Amrani, R. Ganesan, S. Kervestin, D.A. Mangus, S. Ghosh and A. Jacobson, A faux 3′-UTR promotes aberrant termination and triggers nonsense-mediated mRNA decay, Nature 432 (2004), pp. 112–118.〕
mRNA surveillance has been documented in bacteria and yeast. In eukaryotes, these mechanisms are known to function in both the nucleus and cytoplasm.〔Fasken, M.B. and Corbett, A.H. (2005) Process or perish: quality control in mRNA biogenesis. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 12, 482–488.〕 Fidelity checks of mRNA molecules in the nucleus results in the degradation of improperly processed transcripts before export into the cytoplasm. Transcripts are subject to further surveillance once in the cytoplasm. Cytoplasmic surveillance mechanisms assess mRNA transcripts for the absence of or presence of premature stop codons.〔〔
Three surveillance mechanisms are currently known to function within cells: the Nonsense Mediated mRNA decay pathway (NMD); the Nonstop Mediated mRNA decay pathways (NSD); and the No-go Mediated mRNA decay pathway (NGD).
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